The terpene synthase (TPS) gene family in kiwifruit shows high functional redundancy and a subset of TPS likely fulfil overlapping functions in fruit flavour, floral bouquet and defence

Table 1 Properties of fifteen full-length AcTPS genes identified in the Red5 genome

Red5 Gene model	Classification	Closest homolog	Id (%)	TPS clade	Chromosome	Protein length	Full length Red5 TPS	Deduced products
Acc09580	AcTPS1-R5	AdAFS1	72.8	e/f	8	776	AcNES3	(E)-nerolidol
Acc13525	AcTPS3-R5	CsRLIS	66.5	g	12	546	AcNES2	(E)-nerolidol
Acc13742	AcTPS5-R5	AdGDS	76.5	a	12	561	AcBCS	β-caryophyllene
Acc15182	AcTPS7-R5	CsCPS	73.5	c	13	824	AcCPS	ent-copalyl diphosphate
Acc17359	AcTPS8-R5	AdAFS1	96.3	e/f	15	768	AcAFS1	α-farnesene
Acc19057/ Acc19058	AcTPS9-R5/ AcTPS10-R5	CsRLIS	66.2	g	17	579	AcLIS/NES	linalool/(E)-nerolidol
Acc19649	AcTPS11-R5	AdGDS	88.9	a	17	565	AcGDS	germacrene-D
Acc20592	AcTPS13-R5	AaLS1	90.9	g	18	574	AcLS1	linalool
Acc25053	AcTPS14-R5	AcNES1	97.7	g	22	573	AcNES1	(E)-nerolidol
Acc26061	AcTPS15-R5	OeGES1	57.7	g	23	575	AcGES	geraniol
Acc32631	AcTPS16-R5	AcTPS1a	*	b	29	603	AcTPS1a	sabinene
Acc32632	AcTPS17-R5	AcTPS1b	*	b	29	603	AcTPS1b	1,8-cineole
Acc32633	AcTPS18-R5	AcTPS1	*	b	29	603	AcTPS1c	geraniol
Acc32635	AcTPS19-R5	AcTPS1d	*	b	29	605	AcTPS1d	diterpene
Acc32636	AcTPS20-R5	AaTPS1, AcTPS1c	*	b	29	604/603	**	α-terpinolene/ β-myrcene
Acc33493	AcTPS21-R5	CsKS1	76.7	e/f	24	793	AcEKS	ent-kaurene

Red5 Gene model: The official IASMA (Instituto Agrario San Michele all’Adige) ‘gene model’ ID in the Red5 kiwifruit genome from the Genome Database for http://plants.ensembl.org/Actinidia_chinensis/Info/Index. Classification: AcTPS-R5 nomenclature for the fifteen full-length terpene synthase (TPS) gene models identified in the Red5 genome. Closest homolog: Best BLASTp hit with a defined function to each AcTPS in the GenBank non-redundant (NR) protein database. Id (%). Percent amino acid identity to the closest homolog. TPS clade a–h: classification of the TPS gene models according to phylogenetic and functional studies (Chen et al. 2011). Chromosome: Chromosomal location of each AcTPS in the Red5 genome. Protein length: Predicted amino acid number of the AcTPS open reading frame. Red5 AcTPS functional nomenclature and main terpene products deduced. Ad = A. chinensis var. deliciosa, Ac = A. chinensis var. chinensis, Aa = A. arguta, Cs = Camellia sinensis, Oe = Olea europaea. Full gene names are given in Table S3.
^* The five gene models Acc32631–6 are part of a complex locus in the Red5 genome (Zeng et al. 2020). None of the gene models corresponded 100% to the four genes AcTPS1a–d amplified from Red5 cDNA.
^** AaTPS1, AcTPS1 are likely allelic variants at the AcTPS1 locus that produce α-terpinolene and ß-myrcene respectively (Nieuwenhuizen et al. 2015)

ISSN: 2730-9401