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Fig. 2 | Molecular Horticulture

Fig. 2

From: Plant carotenoids: recent advances and future perspectives

Fig. 2

Hierarchical regulation of carotenoid metabolism. Carotenoid metabolism is regulated by many signals including environmental cues, developmental program, and phytohormone signaling along with retrograde signaling. These signals converge at the level of transcription factors to regulate carotenogenic gene expression. In addition, allelic variation, mutations, and feedback and forward regulation affect the transcription of pathway genes or the activities of key enzymes. Epigenetic regulation also controls carotenogenic gene expression. Differential splicing provides a post-transcriptional regulation of key carotenogenic genes. Post-translational regulation plays a critical role in the control of metabolic pathway activity and fine-tune carotenoid production through mechanisms including protein-protein interaction, enzyme complex formation, metabolic channeling, and potential protein modification

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